SOMMAIRE -No. 10. Octobre 1918 G. M. BB.EWER RENE CHOPIN ............ .FERN AND PR}~FONTAIKE--MARCEL DUGAS .... LEO-POL MORIN .. J. V. CAR'f IER . r .The Opera as the beginning-of the mode,._ nist movement in music. . ...... Lune. ( Poisie) ... -Le Beau en archl1ecture. . Tentation. .Que/ques musiciens fram;ais: Gabriel Faure. . .. Retour. ( Poesie) R. LAROQUE DE ROQUEBRUXE Littl!rature. PAUL BRUNOT En-le/es et culs-de-/ampe par •··----Dialoffe,ie des be/es. La mare aux grenouilles. A. HEBERT, J .-0. DROUIN et J. R. Si\IITIJ. Le livre dont on parle est en vente a la LIBRAIRIE C. DEOM 251 rue Ste. Catherine est MONTREAL Depositaire de la revue d'art "LE NIGOG" Musique et broderie fran~aise RAOUL VENNAT 64 2 , rue St De nis Nous faisons toutes les broderi es. Nous avons tout ce ql}i est joli en musique. 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THE OPERA AS THE BEGINNING OF THE MODERNIST MOVEMENT IN MUSIC Considerable light wou'ld be thrown on the problem of the origin of modernism in music, if those who speculate on the subject would travel far enough into the past history of the development of music to reach real fundamentals. MODERNISM COMMENCED WITH A DEFINITE MOVEMENT; NOT ANY ONE INDIVIDUAL. It arose from the attempt to bring music into closer touch with 1ife, and the first attempt to do this was the ear')y effort towards emotional expression by the use of the solo voice with instruments. Those amateur musicians who met in the home of Count Bardi of Florence towards the close of ithe 16th Cenhtry heroically endeavouring to develop the dramatic element in musical expression are to be locked on as the true founders of the modern movement in music. Opera came as a protest -what great movement hasn't-a protest against the STATIC or CONTEMPLATIVE emotion of the mus1c of the 16th Century. The music of that day might be described as the highe9~ in unaccompanied choral writing that ,the world has ever seen. Outstanding names •like Josquin de Pres, \\'illaert, Orlando di Lasso, Pa1es'trina and others represent the best that is to be found in 11Jhe period. The technical skiH was amazing-probably never surpassed, but the non-employment of instrumental accompaniment and the refusal to recognize the legitima<;y of such means towards a furtherance of the dramatic conception, was the undoing of the school. Not that the art of these masters had deteriorated, or that it lacked nobiliity of concepti"on or facility of execution, but the musicaT mind of the period-the progressive mind-reaij,ized that this art had reached its zenith and that there was a demand for dramatic expression in music which "a capcllla" singing did not supply. It i:s significant that these earPy founders of the opera were not all cu[tured musicians, many of them being men of literary at'tainments and what might be styled "musical pr~'1ensions". But, who bert!ter ab'le to start a movemen~ which tended towards the marriage of the arts? What new elements did the a:d'vent of the opera bring in to music? The demand for an instrumentail background for the voice in the new type of recitative rthat came into being, encouraged experimenting with instruments-something al most totaMy neglected by masters in music prior to that pe riod. It was the prerogative of the Opera to call the orches tra into existence; and in addition to this it may be asserted that rhe Opera is indirect'ly responsible for many of the inno va1ions in mus.ical form rhat commenced short'li)' after the new mode of expression had come into being. 'Ne can trace bhe devel,opment of ~he Recitative step by step, noting how it gra dually shed its stifness of outline, neging into the early efforts at Aria writing, borrowing for its framework the more popu far songs of the stree't's, and, gradually, (by the new possibi lities of-key changes) evdlving into the Binary form establish ed many years after the first insertion of the Reci~tive. Scan ning the history of musicaiJI form very cursor~ly, the follow ing periods stand in distinct "relief". (1)-Unaccompanied poyphonic vocal writing, .culminating in the advanced work of rthe composers of the 16th century. (2)-The development of fugal writing. (3)-The introduction of the Recitative. (4)-The development of the Aria. (5)-The forma~ion of the "Sonata" and its dependant forms. 311 This is approximately the chronologica'l order in which these periods occured, and it is to be noted rhat the Opera has been direct-responsibe for the 3rd and 4th and indirectly has inf1'.1u'enced ~he history of the 5th. The fact thatt: the orchestra very soon broke away from playing the subsidiary part alloted it in the thea'lre, and began :o assume symphonic proportions does not detract from the significance of the fact it.hat it was the Opera that opened up rthe new field of possibi1ities. To iLlustrate how reforms of ,!lhat time became intricately interwoven, it is also to be noted that the very improvement in form of which fhe Recitative was the precursor that permitted the orchestra to break away from the theatre and proclaim its new mission. Few musicians are pleased to acknowledge the gre~t debt that the sonata form owes to rhe Opera, however far estran ged the two may be at the present day. To say that the opera actually developed the Sonora form is to s,tightly ever-assert its olaims. Sonata Form was what the Opera needed to rid i~self of the custom of haphazard!ly stringing a collection of tunes together on no very definitely preconceived plan. While it was not feasible to write an Opera in Sonata form, it was possible ~o employ somewhat the same scheme of key-relationship, the same idea of 1st, and 2nd, subjects, development section, recapitulation and coda, as the Sonata was doing. Space does not permit of going into detaiil on the subject of the different conceptions of the function of the Opera and how each nationality has developed its individual idea along its own llines. Wagner as representative of the grand culmiruiting point in the history of the music-drama, has been the model upon which almost every composer has worked since his day. It was .Jeft to one, of our own time, to throw down the gauntlet to the Wagnerian tradition. Debussy's Pelleas and Melisande is r,ightly styled ~e most significan~ score since Tristan and Isolde. Surely it is an evidence of history repeating itself, and proves more and more the fact that the opera, Music-drama, Lyric-Drama, or whatever else you prefer to calJil it, has a1most always been the medium by which new ideas have been conveyed to the publi<: 312 \Vagner's blatancy, bombast, and occasional dow~right vulgarity is balanced in Debussy by a restraint, polish and refinement of musical effects, sufficient to make any discerning musician welcome the new, if only for the sake of relieving contrast. Indeed, restraint in the matter of using the material to hand, is one of the dominating features of Debussy's Pelleas and Melisande; and it wou1d seem to be an evidence in itself of Debussy's belief that the higher the mentali<'y the less de monstrative should be the action. Places in the full score where we feel ,that \Vagner would have delighted in letting his orchestra run rio•, we find Debussy depending entirely on such sube1e touches as four solo 'cellos against sustained harmonics amongst the violins and violas; or, a muted horn, two Hules, and harp sounding one of ·those liquid chor'e de donner une impression de bea-ute complete, trop de choses viennent ga•rer !'impression ressentie tout d'abord a la vue de .la merveilleuse coupole. Depuis la Renaissance, Jes architectes se sont genera·Jement appliques a placer des ordres romains dans 1Jeurs edifices, sans trop chercher des combinaisons nouve·nes ni un systeme de decoration au~re que la colonne avec son entab'lement. Ce qui n'a d'ail~eurs pas empeche les grands artistes de construire des monuments splendides et d'imprimer, dans leurs chefs-d'oeuvre, ·}e cachet de leur art propre, et chaque epoque d'avoir son architecture carac•erisce malgre l'emploi du meme mo:if decoratif. On ne saurait confondre !'architecture du XVIIieme siecle avec ceJle du XVIIIieme siecle. Le Grand Palais et le Petit Palais, a Paris, qui sont des oeuvres modernes, sont bien differents comme expression, des pa1:illons de la place de la Concorde; on a pourlant, dans ies deux cas, employe l'ordre comme motif principal de decora~ion. La beaute en architecture ne tient pas a1'emploi de tel OU ,tel systeme de Mcoration, mais a)''usage qu'en fait l]'architecte. ll esr clair qu'il est plus facile pour un architecte medi•ocre de se servir d'un ordre que'lconque pour decorer une fa~ade, que de chercher une expression nouvelhle, ii est a pet11 pres certain, s'il n'est pas trop ma'lhabile, que \es proportions ne seront pas desagreab'les: ii n'a qu'a se servir d'un module classique. Quand on se trouve devan.t une oeuvre architeotrurale ii ne faut done pas se faisser trop dominer par 1'emotion esthetique, ii faut essayer de raisonner un peu le pourquoi de chaque chose. I! ne faut pas oublier surtout qu'un edifice est generailement "une necessi~e enveioppee", car f'archite~ture est rarement son propre but, c'est-a-dhe qu'on conS'tru1t un edifice pour un usage determine et non pas seulementi pour le plaisir de faire une architecture. FERNAND PREFONTAINE. 323 TENTATION Je vais partir d'un pas •Jibere et rapide; rien ne me lie a aucune rive, a aucun bonherur, a aucune joie; je suis libr~ dans le depoui'Uemen! complet de moi-meme. Mes pieds cherchent un sable doux pour s'y enfoncer; ils ne veulen,t y laisser de traces que ceMes qui se perdront dans le vent. Apres s'etre dechires sur ~a grande route comme aux cailloux et aux ronces, ils mendient la fugace chaleur du sab'le avant de s'engloutir I.ACE D'ARMES ET NOTRE-DAME QUEST, MONTREAL ljvres de Classes Fournitures de Classes Articles Religieux Fleurs Artificielles LIBRAIRIE L.•J.•A. 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