I. I. JULY. 1903. No. 3. I sued monthly: $1.00 a year: toe. a single copy. T. JOH l, . B. CANADA. r••a1•I ........ ••---♦ •-Ua .. 111111111111••11••• ............ ,, , . , .. ,0.111 •110 0 •• -..•-•1 ELL°C1GAR l i ===Is the Finest Cigar on the Market.__i............................................... .....,,,, ........... ........................................................... S1nnkers have affirmed after smoking the Bell Cigar r8 years that they an nr) t g-et bett r value. If,''-mak:e the be t 5c. cigdrS, what can we do for roe? We are willing that the consu1n~r shall be the judge. i............................... • -.................................. , .15he Bell Cigar Factory, 1 I ---77 and 79 UNION STREET,---t i St. John, N. B.Jt!AJtJIJtjlCanada. : I__A. H. BELL, Proprietor.:,__ --· t f tee t.I t C t I • I I • t t 1 1 t I •• •·• t t 'I t It I I I f I f I I t I I t. I I I I t I I I I I t I I I t I .......................... •••· I I • f t t t t t t t t t ·• NEITH CONTENTS FOR JULY, 1903. The Rev. G. 0. Gates, M. A. D. D. Frontispiece The Philosophy of Society 103 The Monroe Doctrine 105 Germany's Eye is 011 America 105 Physical Culture ro6 Dr. Isaac Allen Jack . 107 The Albanian Upri ing 107 Sir Hector Macdonald 108 Justice to Ireland 108 The Ways of Providence 108 Sir Oliver Muwat, K. C. I IO King Edward in Rome I IO The Bishop of Chatham 114 The Kaiser at the Vatican I 14 A Few Facts About Canada 114 Leonard A. Allison 115 The Right Attitude 115 The Grand Trunk Pacific . 115 The Honorable David Mills IJ6 The U. S. Exodus II7 Mr. Carnegie and the Dominion II7 Mr. Chamberlain and the Empire I I8 Russia and the Jews . 120 The Servian Assassination 120 A Fair Statement . 120 Thousands Come Each \Veek 123 That Queer Chambermaid 123 The Colonies are Firm 124 The Navies of the W oriel 125 The United States 125 An Excellent Idea 127 ·Industrial Education 129 The Negro Problem and Ho,v to Solve it. o. 1. Part 3 131 The Islands of the Blessed. By Charles Campbell 135 The Book. By the Rev. G. 0. Gates, M. A., D. D. 142 English Factory Legislation. By Silas Alward, D. C. L., K. C. 147 NEITH By the Very Rev. Francis Partridge, D. D., D. C. L. 151 Compulsory Education. By H nry W. Robertson, LL. B 152 Literary Notes 1-5 Editorial Announcements 158 Issued monthly: 10c. a single copy: $r .oo a year. N. B.-The f,1.00 a year applies only to subscrihus who reside in Canada or in the United States. In all other Countries the subscription price is $1 50 a year. Advertising rates on appllcation. · All money should be sent by Exprei:.s. or Post Office Order or Registered Letter, addressed to A. B. Walker, Editor of NEITH, St. John, N. B. Canada. NEITH: A Macrazine of Literature, Science, Art, Philosophy, b Jurisprudence, Criticism, History, Reform, Econo1nic . Issued monthly:' 10c. a copy: $1.00 a year. The $r .oo a year applies only to !-:i~tbscribers wh? r_esi~e iu Canada or in the United States. In all other conn ne · the ·ubscnpt10111s , 1.50 a y ar. Advertising rates 011 application. A. B. Walker, B. A ., LL. B., Barri.ter-at-Law, Editor, St. John N. B., Canada. The followmg are among the contributors for 1903 : The Rev. \V. 0. Ranll(m. Doi '. U. ,\ ., LL. D.; Charles Campbell; \..A.Stockton, D. C. L., LLD., Ph. D., K ( · ; George G. \Valker ; Professor Allen 0. Earle, D. C. L .. K. C. ; ::;ilas Alward, I . • \ .. n . C. L., K. C., Dean of the Law School of King's College ; George \ . ::\J Inerney, 1\1. ..:\., LL. B., K. C.; Henry \V. Robertson, LL H. ; John L. arleton, K. C.; the Rev. G. 0. Gates, ~1. · .. 8. l); the Hon. C. N ·""kinner, 0. C L., K. C., Recorder of the City of St. John i John C. Milec;, ,\ . R. C . .\. ; Eben Perkins, M. E., 1anager of the . faritime Nail Company and Portland Rolling Iills, t. John, N. B.; the Rev. \V. L. Beers, B..\.; F. Herbert C. Mile<-· S. D. Scott, M. A., Editor of the St. John Daily Sun, 1 'r. John, N. B.; th Hon. John V. Ellis, LL. D., Canadian Senator. and Editor of th ~ St John Glohc, St. John, N. B.; H. L. Spencer; J. H. Frink, U. V. S. ; Professor H. . Bridges, M. A., Ph. D, City Superintendent and Principal of the l-li!.!h chool, St. John, N. B.; C. J. Milligan, M. A., Manager of the St. John J>aily T legraph St. Jobn, N. B.: the Rev. C. Thaddeus Phillips; the Rev. T. F. Fotherin~ham, M . ...\., D. D.; A. E. Macint\'re, Ph. D. · the Rev. l), J. Fra:er, B D., LL. D.; the Rev. John de ·Sayres, 1v1. A.,. LL. D.; R. A. Payne. of the S:. John Daily un, t. John, N. B.; the Hon. R. J. Ritchie, K. C.; the Hon. Gc::orge E. Foster, :VI:. A., D. C. L., LL. D., Ex-Minister of .Finan e of Canada ; the Hon. \Villiam Pugsley, M. A., D. C. L., K. C., M. P. P , .\ttorney-General of ew Brunswick; the Hon. Henry R. Emmerso:,, LL. lJ. , K. ., \\1. P.; \V. Frank Hatheway; Geo. U. Hav, Ph B., D. Sc., Editor of T he Educational Review, St. John, N. B.; the Most Reverend Henry M Turner, D. D., D. C. L, LL. D., Senior Bishop of the African Methodist Episcnp.11 Church, and Editor of The Voice of the People, Atlanta, Georgia ; H l.'.nry .\. Powell, M. A., r. C.; Michael McDade; the Hon. J. \V. Longley, D. C. L, Ir . C., M. P. P., Attorney-General of Nova Scotia; the Rev. Jo.;;hua H. Jorn~~ , M. ·\ ., D. D., Pr sident of \Vilberforcc University; the Right h.evcrend Charles pencer mith, D. D., A!-sociate Bishop of the African Methodist Episcop:11 Church ; the Hon. Hugh John Macdonald, B. A., K. C.; J. E. B. McCn.:;1dv. Editor of The Guardian, Charlottetown, P. E. I.; Geo. G. Melvin, rvr. D.; the:_Rev. John C. Coleman ; His Royal Highness Prince Etho, Ph. D., D. C. L ; Scott E. Morrill, Barrister-at-Law; Joseph Howe Dickson, K. C.; S. B. \\'il~on. General Secretary of the St. John Young Men's Christian Association; Janw s Hann:1y, D. 0 L. ; the Very Reverend Francis Partridge, D. D., D. C. L., l)ean n:· Fredericton; and James R. Inch, M. A.', LL. D., Chief Superintendent of Education and President of the Senate of the University of New Brunswick. The BeII Pianofortes. Bell, Mason & Risch and Dominio PIANOS. Bell, Dominion and Doherty ORGANS. .. Berliner .Gram=o=phones · And a Full Stock of Records. ---AT--- W. H. BELL·'S, 79 Germain St., ST. JOHN, N. B. Are to be the Judge. The evidence we have to submit is our entirely new line of BEA UTIFULI..,Y COLORED Wall Papers, and the prices we have placed on them. If our line and prices don't suit, we cannot hope to sell you; but if you are like the great many who have s~en them, your verdict will be in our favor . . REID BROS. 56 Kin,g Street, Saint John, N. B. 'Pl1one 549. L • , ljam171 s LIVERY, BOARDING and HACK Sfables, 134 Union Street, St. John, N. B Telepnone No. 11. One of the Best Equipped Stables in Canada. Over 40 years in business. _I . B. HAMM, P H.OPRIETOR Jf. ~r:✓. ~t;~ !!};,l'~J,') 85 Germain Street, St. John, N. B. P STAIRS. • clo you not get our prices on that Printing you think of having done • T ht faciIities we possess are such as to place us in a position to simply defy competition on any description of Printing whatsoever I ■ rl~~~~llflfle ~~ e Taken and Finished in the BEST and ~ . FI EST STYLES, GO TO THE ART STUDIO OF . . P. H. GREEN, Photographer, ~ 75 Charlotte St., cor. King, St. John, N. B. r_~ WORK PROMPT! PRICES RIGHT! m ~ [_Q~J m[~~ ~ [~~ e e m~fl,~11me~ THE REV. G. 0. CATES, f. A., D. D.. Pastor of the Germain Street naptist Chur h, St. John, :-J. n. NEITH A MAGAZINE OF LITERATURE, SCIENCE. ART, PHILO. OPHY, JURISPRUDENCE, CRITICISM, HISTORY, REFORM, ECONOMICS A. H. W.ALKF.R, -----BDI'l'OH VOL. I J ULY, r903. No. 3 From a philosophi al point of ne~·. polite society is no more nor les. · than a community The Philosophy which has for it~ of Society ideal the reign of intelligence, purity, and gladness. nd the only \\"ay to approach this ideal is through th :. social trinity in unity-wit, ,·irtu , and wealth. Education begets refinement ; chastity inspires the will ; and money furuishes the mean·. Lacking in any of these three, society is a positi\'e failure. The ''Four Hnnclred" of New York, at whose shrine homage is paid by the whol aristocracy of the United States, hay riches, aye, piles and pile. of riches, heaps of riche. , oceans of riches, but they are devoid of wisdom and probity, and, as a consequence, their conduct, 1oth b for the curtain and behind the curtain, is a noxious stench in the nostril of every respectable per ·on. Critici:ino· the "Four Hundred' ' of New York, Col. Henry ~ Tatterson, a well-known journalist, :ays, that "they make lif one uneudingdebauch ; ·' that they "arc rott n through and through;'' that they ''haYe not one redeeming feature ; '' and that the "women are equally EXPECTS EVJ-<:R\' .i\fAN 'l'O D HIS Dern•. The' an !'le ~ Wellington a11cl the lhi11 rL: 1 line vanquish Nap leon n11 l his hosts at \1/aterloo. They ca11 . ee amou~ :tate:men an l famou~ poet. , and 126 NE ITH famous philosophers, and famous scholars, and famous jnrist ·, and famous divines, spreading liberty, and song, and wisdom . and knowledge, and law. and r:>ligion, throughout the v,orld. Th · can see the British flag flying o\'er the heads of 400,000,000 citizens of ·cry hue, and languag , and ere d. They can see the stout arm of ]l·s1'ICE protect the weak against the : tr ng. They can ·ee the edict that 110 Briton, no matter what his race or his c lor may be, shall ever be a :lav eith r at home or abroad. Th ) can see the spirit of freedom taking deeper and deeper root, day Ly day, in every nook and corner of the Empire. The British can ·ee all this constantly before their eyes, and it is a beautiful sc ne to behold. It i · the kind of scene that is bound to make its inheritors brave and happy and prosperous. But no such a panorama can ever appear befor the vision of the Yankee. The Yankee is not even like the French, or the German, or the Italian. He has no legends, no folklore, no epoch of heroism. His history is insipid, barren, and without a moral-a mere rehearsal of dry and tast les · things. His jurisprudence his speech, his literature, his science, his education, his notions of government, are all borrowed and copied. He is original in nothing save some incongruous oddities which are likely, sooner or later, to work his ruin. Indeed, the United State· is a fair repetition, to-day, of the Roman Empire in the reign of ero. It has lots of gold, lots of energy, lots of dazzle, lots of self-conceit, but pon.'.rty-strickcn in the lowest cl gree in all the qualities of a fine, serene, discerning soul. A good way to judge the conscience of a nation is by the conduct or attitude or ·entiment of it: public men-its legislators, its courts, its pre· ·, its pulpit, its teachers. \Vhatever they sa) or do is the yoice or the act of the nation. And applying thi: logic to the public men of the nited States, there are instances and instances, yes scores and score!-5 of instances. to proye that they haye got a disea:ed. irresolute, vacillating heart. Befor man) years, the United State· will witness a gigantic exodus of the very cream of the nation across the Canadian border. The institutions of Canada ar . ·otmd and free and progressive, and the liberty loving, la,.\1-abiding Yankee is begin ning already to feel their attraction. In fact, in a few decades the l nited States will lose its backbone. This will surely come to pass. That is, it i · safe to predict, that by 19so, the United States will yield np to Canada millions of its splendid citi zens. Of course, the millions and million of the rude, wild, boisterous mob will stay on under the stars and stripes, and let them stay, as they are not wanted here, nor will they be allowed to come here. There is not the slightest doubt but the Canadian people can, if they make a determined, diplomatic ef fort, drain the United States, in less than half a century, of a third of its population-the very choice of its men and women. Again the constitution of the NE ITH 127 Unit cl State, is wholly inadequate, as it is 110w. to 111c ·t th -' exigen il's of a grl'at nation ; it is ont of late, prisUm~, llll\\ ieJcly: and it will take a m ,t bloody n:volutio11 to aml'nd it, or alt ·r it or make it fit for a frl:l' people tu !in! under. The :en, ihll:, farseeing people of the c tmtr , note thi:-;, aIJcl tremble in their shoe!-> ; nd li\'i11g ha11dy t Canada whose law~ are the essence of th , immutable principles of right, nml whose land is 111u11ificcnl in ::dl kinds of rc.-onr e,, the ' will radnally immigrat h ·re as the !\[ecca of .-afet and r fuge. An Excellent Idea \ clespat h informs 11.-that Lord Cr y, the head of the British outh Africa Company, has be 11 writing ir. Booker T. \\,ashi11gto11, the principal f the Normal and Industrial Institute, Tusk g ·e, Alabam , ,, itl1 a dew to the establishment of a s_·stem of industrial schools in South frica to train th blacks. 1\nd th sa111e dispat h also tells us that the British GO\·ermn nt propo.-s to gi,·~ it a:sist8.11ce to su h a project. ne thing w regret t note, Ir. vVa.-hington canuot ·ee his way clear to 1 av~ hi.-gr at work iu the Southern State.-. Yet, wt: have no doubt but a goo l substitut can b ea ·ily found among our own British egroe · who will fill every requir ment. 1\his has he n our way of thinking for som · time past. Yes, a strenuous ffurt ~houlcl be made to give the risiug generation of blacks in outh Afri a, or. iu fact, in all British Africa, at the very least, a primary education i. e., au education in the elementary grades of reading, writing, arithmetic, history, geography, music, deportment, the English language, and incl ustrialism. The truE: philosophy of educating n uncivilized race is to begin with the infant as soon as it is able to take notice of plaything::,, and carry it along, step by step, until it reaches a certain age-that is, commence at five and stop at not less than fourteen. nd thi.-ought to be compulsory. By such a rule, every boy and girl would get at least nine years of ru-.:imental schooling iu all the comn:l'll branches of knowledge. 'fhe kindergarten process of teachi1 ·g-, the proce ·s invented by Friedrich Froebel, is the best to start withthe best to use for the first two or thr e years, until the pupil's powers of rea ·on and observation are well initiated. For young children, the kindergarten cannot be equalled, and more especially so _where the children lack careful home tuition. The kindergarten develops the mind and body, in harmony with each other, by immersing them in a beautiful sea _of plea ing and edifying exerci ·es: viz., the puµil is instructed through the influence of adaptation and amusement. Upon a series of investigations of the matter, we have invariably found the kindergarten student to possess a finner, hroale to njoy the entire spirit of justic and humanity, until ther is mor uniformity in th kno\\ ledge f th multitude. So long a. th millions ar cont nt 1 "ith a miserable, incoherent, i11congn10us smattering of th fundamental principl s of truth, or pleased or satisfied to look npon a gruss caricature of th fundam ntal principles of truth, and let the f w poss ss the g nuinc thing itself, their condition will be hound to remain an op 11 menace to th ge11i11s of rig-ht and equality. Hence, with his head and hands carefully and thoughtfully trained, man ·will be able to mak natur his willing and ob client sl~ff : i. e., th deepening of knowl dg ,vill b fol lov,1ed by a ne\i\' and wondrous r velation of pt:ac and prosp rity. E I The Negro Problem, and How to Solve it* XO. 1. I'. RT 'I'll I EH \\.h 11 C rops left Egypt, .J: Ioses was about forty-four y an, ol l. And h re it shoul Above the hills th thunders roar, The wild wind smite the ·ea And corp es strew the darkling shore From cra\'ing question free. Gray sh ering wings acros. the sky Lik hand that ,, aft farewell, With sea-mew~' baunt'no-, bitter cry To ·01md a parting kn 11. 136 NE ITH Long tun ! n:othtr, o'Lr thy ~ad, t am fac Hath stream d, ]1kL tu r:-:, th lrnple~s human rac , To drop fnll rnon mt thy :--ilu1t br ast-Is this their rt.st, i. thi. their only re t? So be it ! Short b lifo aml bitter s,yeet Its shadows ling-r a1 cl ib pl ,a.-ure: fl et ; Man strfres aud toil. aud ,n::Lps and siuk::. to leep, Nor cares to earch the ~ cret thou dot keep! 0 A radianc ~mil s thro' breaking mist, The air like aml er glee ms, The sleeping sea, ,\ith glory kissed, Lies flushed in happy dreams. In palest bln , like p ·, rly shell. , 'l'he tiny clondlets 1ie, And in the West a splendour sw 11~ That fills the te.u -climmecl eye ! Lo ! bright polio passeth to his rest Thro' golden gates with royal str am rs dre. t, Aud thro' those portab gleaming, pnre and clear, Behold ! the Islands of the Bles:-.ecl appear ! Ethereal glory crown · those raOurte~y of th!' ~t.. ,John Daily Tclc£('rn.ph The Book BY THE RE\·. G . o. GATES, J\[. A .• n. n.* . There is but one hook.-Sir Walter 'cott. .Most wone men extravagant in the above declarations. Some one has said that there are three classes of books : the book you read once, the book you read twice, and the book yon read every year. But the Bible seems to stand in another class. Thousands upon thow,ands turn to its pages morning and evening, year after year, seeking help and guidance for the way, and finding in its study heart-help such as no other literature in the world affords. Its messages are never exhausted. Volumes have been written in regard to the Bible. Many of the ablest and wisest scholars have ommended it, urging 111e1i of all classes *See Fronth;piece. and ages to make themseh·es conversant ,,,ith its truths, and to endeavor to conform their Jives to it. precepts. More has been written in respect to this book than any other piece of literature. Libraries could be collected eyery volume of which would pertain to the Bible. The more men turn to THE nOOK the more it has to say. And who wonders at the numbers of volumes thus written, if the Bible is what it professes lo be. if 'tis true that' 'it contains within itself a perfect picture of God's gracious relations to man, and that we have no need to go outside the Bible history to know anything of God and His saving will toward us.'' It is not to be expected that in a brief article we can add anything new to a field traversed for generations by the world's foremost writers; but if it may be allowed us to gather some of the crumbs from their tables and present them again to a r ading public in some way so as to attract attention and command a thoughtft7°1 consideration, ours may not be an unprofitable work THE BOOK is in itself a libran· of books bound in one. It .was written by different men-in ages remote from each other-in different languages, hy men of different call ings of life, and, y t. most wonder NE ITH 143 ful indeed, there is a unity from cover to cover, that certainly shows one guiding mind. directing, controlling every page. That it is a most remarkable book is everywhere admitted : and though some earnest and sincere students are certain they have found errors in it · statements, and some are not willing to confess its sp cial inspiration, yet, no man of standing among thinkers has the temerity to speak of it a other than the most remarkable book the world has ever known. True, it has had enemies who have sought to discredit its teachings; some of whose attacks have been bitter and unfair ; but THE BOOK has survived these onslaughts, and, to-day, is an increasing power in the moral development of the race. There is no department of life to which our attention may be turned in which we will not find an indebtedness to the Bible for what is there the noblest and best. THE BOOK has been the corner stone of liberty ; it has led the van in the world's civilization ; and where personal refinement and purity exist you may be assured its truths have been most faithfully taught. Now and again we hear it said, the influence of the Bible is declining, despite the fact that the last few years have witnes ·ed a marvellous advance in its study-that from Bible Societies more and more volumes are being sent out year after year-that colleges are giving a place in their curricula to the Bible as never before-and every year new versions are being printed, enlarging the world of its influence and multi plying the numbers of its readers. It seems a little less than marvellous that with a past history witnessing to its beneficial influence on the world, of this best of books-with a past that tells of profound triumphs in every land where THE BOOK has been carried-that we find many who seem to be drifting away from the truths that from its pages are pressed upon the conscience-many who in this age of culture seem ashamed to class themselves as among those who study 'l'HE BOOK, and who rather pride themselves in a boastful disregard of its authority. Is this because THE BOOK opposes the intense materialism which is so characteristic of our day? Is it hecause its spiiit is so unlike the worldly spirit of this new century ? Or is it possible that many of these have forgotten, or have never thought of what the most learned and illustrious men have said of THE BOOK? In these days of rush and worry, perhaps we are not taking time to think of what the Bible has been to our race in the past generations, and what, under God, it is to our own age. We are indebted to THE BOOK for the best that this age, with its spiritof freedom and its advanced civilization, has to bestow upon us. We are influenced by the opinions of those whose position in the world is generally recognized as commanding, men who, in the different professions of life, have attained a special emmence ; who have m 144 NE ITH their varied callings, in some marked manner, distinguished themselves. It can not but do us good to cnll, here and there, a saying from the utterances of some of these, giYing us in brief an idea of how these men have regarded THE BOOK. Here is a testimony of John Milton that should awaken interest in the study of the Bible as a classic. He said : ''There are no songs to be compared to the songs of Zion, no oration::; equal to those of the prophets, and no politics like those which the Bible teach." The poet Coleridge wrote : ' 'For more than one thousand year.· the Bible, collectively taken, has gone hand in hand with ciYilization, scie~ce and law ; in short, with moral and intellectual cultivation ; always supporting, and often leading the way." Lord Bacon said : ·'There was never found in· the world either religion or law that did so highly exalt the public good as the Bible. And from the writings of Locke we· have : "In morality there are books enough written both of ancient and modern philosophers, bnt the morality of the gospels doth so exceed them all, that to give a man a full knowledge of true morality I shall send him to no other book than the New Testament." The eminent Guizot said : "I bow before the mysteries of the Bible and the Gospel. ' ' Daniel Webster made it a practice of his life to read the Bible through once a year, and in one of his orations said: "If we abide by the principle , taught in th Bibl onr country will go on prospering and to prosper ; but if our posterity n glccts its in structions and anthorit) , no man can tell how sudden a catastrophe may overwhelm u · and bury all our glory in profound oL.·curity." In all the departments of litera ture, among the historians and poets, in all the domain of !:icience, one is ever meeting such teachings as the above. Let ns listen to that r · r ent student of science, Dr. Dawson, when he says: ''iil~he Bible con tairn; within itself all that, under Goel, is required to account for and dispose of, all forms of infidelity, and to turn to the best and highest uses all that man can learn from ature. ', Matthew Arnold wrote : "To the Bible men will return becans they cannot do without it.,, Napoleon Bonaparte, filled with wonder at the teachings of THI-; Book, said : ·'E\'erything in the Bible was worthy of God.' From Channing comes this testi mony : ' o books astonish me like the Gospels ; of all books they de ·erve most the study of youth and age." nd this quotation of Dr. James Freeman Clark is well worthy of a place here: "Kingdoms fall, institutions perish, civilizations change, human doctrines disappear ; but the imperishable truths which pervade and :anctify the Bible !-:ihall bear it up above the flood of years, it will forever remain.'' To these 'testimonies hundreds of other mjght be added, and these all EI TH 145 speaking of the value of TUE Ro K to the race, of the need of its study, the b comiug acquainted vith its contents, in order to conform the life and character to its holy teaching:. The student of the Bibl ,Nill fincl it has a Yoice app ali11g to him for careful and painstaking· study ; he will find it de lnring its truths a necessity to his we11-b ing, its teachings a safeguard, and, while for this \.Vorlcl it is for a lamp unto the fe t, it points to an mi. een and heave11ly world and would dire t him thith r. Such a book so w 11 atte. tecl hy men of all ages, witnessed tmto 1y writers from Yery domain of lit rature, philosophers and . cienti ts, ought not to b neglected by one ,vho would respect his own wcll-h ing and the best intere. t. of that society of which he i. a memh r. It ought not to be regarded beneath the c1io-nity of men and women to be seen carrying our one religious book to the regular service of the church; to b found with regularity, each in his place, in the Bible School, and no great r hon r could one aspire unto than to know of thi~ book'. t aching , hidden in the heart, in order to control and regulate the life. The Bible, as a moral masterpi has in view the moral and spiritual well-being of its r aders and stud nts. There is, too, an intellectual side to this study that is not to he lost si ht of. For its iufluence and culture of the mind, th Bible surpasses any other single work of literature. -''fhis is at once evident ,·vhen we think of the book that hav 1 en written, both by the friends and foes of the Bible. To such a degree have the best prose and poetic writers studied this book and incorporated it truths and contents in their compositions, that it becomes necessary to study the Bible in order to rightly understand the best classic literature four age. Macaulay's essays have been mentioned as illustrating this thought. They furnish biblical illustrations, beautifully rounding ut the sentences of this classic writer and shO\ving his indebtedness to the word of God. With many of the best teachers of to-day, we are in sympathy with the study of the Bible as a classic. No other book has . o moulded the race for good and so calculated to affect it for yet greater good. It ought to have a prominent place in the curriculum of all advanced literary courses, and not considered as only a book for the students in the great halls of divinity school . If it is a book unrivalled as a classic, uplifting in its high moral tone, why .lrn.11 it he ignored for the study of writers, many of whose sayings need an expurgatorist first to lead the way ere the student can unblushingly follow ? With author whose works are doomed to obscurity, shall we burden the hrain, when there are living, broadening. present and practical truths that bless the individual, and, in turn, fit him to become a blessing? \1/hy should it be that men who, though not expecting to be pulpit orator , yet hope to fill responsible positions in lif 's activities, who are 146 NE 1 TH being educated for the farm, medicine or law, that these shall graduate from the universities and not be well versed in hiblical lore? Every graduate from the higher institutions of learning, if faithfully taught, if true to the teaching gi,·en, ought to come forth to take up life's responsibilities, with not merely a love for the studies of his course, but with a special loye for THE BOOK that has had more influence in literature, morals, and civilization, than all other books. Away with the superstitious thought that we should not make the Bible a text-book in the classical room, for fear that men would acquire a too great and irre, erent familiarity with it. It is because of this false superstitionshutting it up within the cloi tered walls-that has been giving the generations the idea that its teachings are in a sense unworthy of literary men. What is needed is but a careful study-a reverent pursuit after knowledge, and the getting acquainted with the finest prose and poetic utterances of man-aye, more than of man, of man as inspired by the spirit of God. The sacredness of truth-God's truth-will keep the honest student from handling, in an unholy manner, the sacred revelation. When the classical teachers of the land, recognizing the Bible as the gre~test classic, bring up from its deep depths the rich stores of truth, and these lay before their classes, eager for truth, the literary and historic riches; and this do with soul ennobled by faith in this book's Divine Author, then will they be do ing a work twofold in character for which the after generations will call them bles ·ed. I may be permitted to give a few quotations which I think confirm what has just been written. Macaulay said : "The person who professes to be a critic of the delicacies of the English language ought to ha,·e the Bible at his finger ends. ' ' Charles Dudley \:Varner, in Harper's Mao-azine, a few years ago, wrote : ''Now, wholly apart from its religious or ethical ,·alue, the Bible is the one book that no intelligent person who wishes to come in contact with the world of thought, and to share the ideas of the great minds of the Christian era, can afford to be ignorant of. It is not at all a question of religion, theology or dogma, it is a question of general intelligence.'' And he further intimates that the young man or woman who is ignorant of the Bi~le is really behind the times, ignorant of what he is expected to know, and disadvantaged accordingly. Illustrations of the ignorance of the Bible 011 the part of many a college student are often given in the "joke column" of daily papers, and such exhibitions of ignorance are certainly shameful. If our Christianity-the basis of our civilization-is to abide, its principles to be diffused over the world, then the sons and daughters of that Chris tianity should see to it, that they are well trained in its ethics. And this will mean to be students, earnest and faithful, of Christianity's one book-the truths of which are refined and uplifting, making wise and strong and pure both for time and eternity. English Factory Legislation BY SILAS AL\\ ARD, M. A., D. C. L., K. C. • TL S ALW \RD, M. \., D. C. L., K. C. Fron\ :i phnto!.("ra.ph spcda.ll.1· prcp:i.red [or EITII lly P. 11. Urccu I r 802, one hundred and one years ago, the first Factory Act was placed upon the Statute Book of 1,:11gla11d. The ne Ll of intervention on the part of the state had become urgent, and the claims of humanity would no longer brook delay. It is needless to say, the manufacturers foucrht ev ~ry inch of the ground, interposing every conceivable objection. This Act was a meagre and mo t inefficient piece of legislation. And, yet, the friends of reform very gladly accepted a mere instalment of what they justly claimed, trusting to the future for further concessions. It applied exclu:;ivcly to cotton mills. Water being the motiYe pm;ver, the mills "ere generally inland and along the course of rivers, not, as no,Y, in the great centres of population. Poor Hou es furnished much of the labor required in the factories. The Commissioners of the Poor House~ apprenticed the children in these establishments, only too glad to shift the responsibility to other shoulders. These waifs became too often the victims of the greed and oppre sio11 of the selfi.:-;h. The manufacturers undertook to clothe, support, and educate these apprentices for their service. To learn ho1;, far they fell short of their duty, we have only to read the reports of Parliamentary Committees of those times. The abuse demanded remedy, and the strono-arm of the law was further invoked to throw still greater protection around a hapless class. Four objects were sought to be compassed by the first Act of Legislation : proper food, sufficient clothing, rudimentary education, and the limiting of the hours of work, each day, to twelve, exclusive of 'meal hours. But sufficient power was not gnnted to see the regulations properly observed. A step, however, had been taken in the right direction. The point had.been gain NE l TH 148 ed, that public attention had heen aroused and focused upon the enormity of a great injustice. otwithstanding constant agitation, it was not till 1819 a further Act was passed by which it was prodded, that no child under nine years of age should work in a cotton factory at all, and no young person under sixteen should work there more than twelve honrs a day. Again, in 1825, it wa. further enacted, that the duration of toil should be restricted to sixty-nine hours a week from any person in a cotton mill, who was under eighteen years of age. In 1831, a bill was passed embracing within its provisions woollen manufacture as well as other textile industries. About this time the struggle commenced for the passage of the ten hours bill, . o called. It was a long and bitter one. The proposed change met ,,·ith most determined opposition both in and out of Parliament. The spirit of right and justice in the nation, had arrayed against it the full weight of wealth and privilege. As in all contests of the kind, in the end, right wins. So in this. In 1833, a Royal commission was appointed to take evidence and report. Among other things the commissioners reported : That the children in the principal branches of manufacture worked the same number of hours as the adults: that the effects of labor during such hours were, in a great number of cases, permanent deterioration of the physical constitution, the production of diseases wholly irremediable, and the partial or ~ntire seclusion, by reason of excessive fatigue, from the means of obtaining adequate educa,.. tion ; that at the age when children suffered these inj urie from the labor they underwent, they were not free agents, but were let out on hire, the wages they earned being appropriated by their parents or guardians. It was not till 1847 the ten hour act became law. In 1867, the scope of factory legislation was enlarged by bringing in under its provisions many other manufacturing industries. It will thus be seen with what leaden steps legislation moved in the direction of reform. It cost the friends of reform a struggle of sixty years to obtain this modicum of legislation. And yet they relaxed no effort. It was not till 1891 that really effecth·e legislation was enacted protecting those engaged in the coal mining industry. Two years ago the Factory Acts of England were consolidated with amendments under an Act, intituled the '' Factory and Workshop Act, 1901." This Act, which is voh:1111inous, contains 163 sections, and embraces within its scope almost every conceivable industrial enterpri~e. It is proposed to take a brief survey of the salient features of this, without doubt, the most complete Act of its kind extant. Part first deals with the health and safety both of factories and work shops. Their sanitary condition is most carefully guarded as respects cleanliness, over-crowding, tempera ture, ventilation, drainage of floors, etc. For their safety, it is provided, that all dangerous parts of the machinery and every part of the mill .._ l\I E I T H 149 gearing 11111st be securely fenced or in such a position, or of such construc tion, as to be safe to every person employed or working therein. In every factory, provision of means of escape, in case of fire, must be made. In case of accident causing death r bodily injury, an investigation must be made at once into the cause or causes thereof by a certifying sur geon, who is clothed with the same powers as an inspector under the Act. When report is made, if deem ed advisable, the Secretary of State may direct a formal investigation of the accident and its causes and circumstances. This investigation is held in open court, in such manner and under such conditions as the court may think most effectual for ascertaining the causes and circum stances of the accident, and to this end it has great powers conferred upon it. Part second deals with employment -hours of service and holidays. A child under the age of twelve years must not be employed in a factory or workshop. A child shall not be employed continuously for more than four hours and a half, without an interval of at least half an hour for a meal. Saturday is made half holiday. The usual holidays are observed. Part third provides for the attendance of children, employed in a factory or workshop, at school for at least one attendance each work day, or for at least two attendanc s when employed on the alternate day sy tern. The occupier of the factory or workhouse must make payment each week of a sum sufficient to defray the expenses of schooling the child during the term of its service, which, however, may be deducted by him from the wages payable for the services of the same. In part four special provisions are made for carrying on dangerous and unhealthy industries. Provision is made for the appoint ment of inspectors for the proper en· forcement of the Act. These in spectors have power to enter, inspect and examine, at all reasonable times, by day and night, a factory and workshop, and every part thereof, for the purpose of ascertaining whether the enactments of the Act are complied with. Obstruction of an. inspector in the execution of his duty is visited with a heavy penalty. Failure to keep a workhouse, or a factory in conformity with the Act, renders the occupier liable to a fine not exceeding ten pounds. If an employee is killed or dies or suffers any bodily injury or injury to health, in consequence of the occupier of a factory or a workshop having neglected to observe any provisions of the Act, or any regulations made in pursuance of the Act, the occupier is rendered liable to a fine not exceeding one hundred pounds. A suit at law will also lie on the part of the employee or his representative for damages. From this hasty and imperfect sketch you may be able to form some idea of the scope and bearing of the most advanced legislation on this important sublect of industrial economy. Of the different states of the 150 NE ITH neighbouring Union, Massachu:etts has the most stringent as well as enlightened legi ·latiou 011 factory law of any. There, no child under fourteen years shall be employed in any factory or workshop. o child under eighteen years of age shall work more than fifty-eight hours in the week. -Further, 110 child under sixteen years shall be employed in any factory or workshop, unless able to show a proper age and schooling certificate. And further, whoever permits a child under fourteen years to clean machinery in a factory, if it is in motion, or to approach dang rously near moving machinery, shall be subject to a fine of from fifty to one hundred dollars for each offence. An employer is liable to a fine of one hundred dollars, who employs or permits a child under eighteen years of age to have the care, custody, or operation of an elevator runningat a speed of over two hundred feet a minute. A like fine may be imposed for employing a child under eighteen years of age in the manufacture of an acid after the state board of health has determined that such manufacture is dang-erous or injurious to the health. The limit assigned me forbids a reference to the Factory and Employers' Liability Acts of Ontario and Nova Scotia and the other provinces of the Dominion that have adopted legislation along these lines. And what shall we say of the legislation of our Province which has yet to pass its first factory act, and its first employers' liability act? Yet we have here in our midst, in a city that aspire· to be, aye, L the winter port of the Dominion of Canada, thonsands of operatin~s -me11. women, boys and girls engaged in most dangerous employment, without the proper safeguard secured by leg-i ·lation which the laws of almost every civilized country throw around its laboring class. It is time, aye, high time, someone :--hould moY in this matter. If onr laboring-classes would arise in their mip;ht, as one man, and knock, with no uncertain sound, at the doors of onr leg-islature. their rea ·onable demands wonld receive prompt attention. I haYe no doubt the promised legislation i. t result of their recent action. They hold in their hands the power to remedy long deferred rights. Let them not rest with a travesty or a mere sham of an act. That would only add insult to injury. Let them see to it that the promised act has all the protection, safeguards, rights, and privileges of th most advanced legislation of the mo ·t enlightened countries. A century of struggle has placed the English operative on the Yantag ground he occupies in that country. In the fierce struggle England is waging to hold her own against strong and bitter rivals, in all industrial enterprises, she is b ginning to appreciate the almost priceless value of the wage-earners as a class. She has at last become fully alive to the great importance of this asset in her industrial equipment. As a consequence she seeks to imprm·e, educate and elevate that class in ord r the better to maintain the proud position NE ITH 151 she has hitherto h ld in all indu.trial pursuits. Between capital and labor there should be no spirit of bitterne ·. or contention. They should ever striv to work together in perfect accord. Capital without labor is as pow rless as labor without capital. The one is the complement of the other. Their antagonism m ans widespread disaster. Rivals they never should b , save and except in the generous rivalry of seeking to advance the interest and promote the welfare the one of the other. He is an enemy of th race, who would seek to inflame and keep alive a spirit of antagonism b tween those two great factors which, undivorced, make for the betterment and prosperity of all classes. Neith BY THE VERY REV. FR NCIS PARTRIDGE, D. D., D. C. L. GROWNED guardian of man's fr est, kindliest thought, Snatching the fierce-forked lightning from the skies, The sceptre from the tyrant's agonies, We hail THEE, NEITH ! across the centuries brought, From many-pillared temples by the flood, Where dim and mystic rites held fearful . ·way, Where bigot science hid the light of day, And myriad helots died in sweat of blood : Shed beauteous peace on faction's fevered scene ; Bid envious rancour from thy page depart ; Uplift th oppressed, and cheer the saddened heart ; O'er willing subjects reign unchallenged Queen ·: So shall thine advent swe tly bind the Old and ew, The "false" for aye "rung out" ; for aye "ring in the True. " Compulsory Education BY I!HNRY W. ROHl~RTSO~, 1.1.. B. HENRY W. ROBERTSON, LL. B. From a photograph Ppecially prepared for N~.1rn by P.H. Green. I T is a part of scientific method to take strict account of leading terms. What then is meant by "Education?" To define a technical term, mean~ to draw the line between what is meant to be included under it, and what is meant to be excluded by it. Now, when a term is really difficult to define, the most scientific writers first point out some of the main things which it is not intended to include; e. g., Sir Frederick Pollock's attempt to define a tort. The word . ''Education'' has been used in so many and such various senses that beforL: we can clecicll'. whether edncatiou should be compulsory, it is necessary that we arrh·e at some common definition of the term, so that we may know what it is that should or should not be compulsory. Jolm Stuart Mill includes under cdncatio11, the influence of external circumstances generally. To say that this should be compulsory is to talk sheer folly: and, therefore, I know this is not what Doctor Inch meant us to understand by the word "education,'' when in his official report, for r896, he used the following sentence~: '' The history of eelucation for the ·'last thirty years show!-:i that the ''opposition to compulsory legislation ' 'which formerly prevailed is passing ''away and that the principal of ·'compulsory education is steadily '·gaining ground. I commend the ''subject to the consideration of the ''Legislature.'' Snlly says : " Education is to us essentially the '·action of other human beings on ''the child and this only so far as it ''is conscious and designed.'' This is too wide yet for our purpose; for, to say that the state should decide what inflnence the mother, e. g., should consciously and designedly exer~ise on her children and compel her to exercise that inflnencet is simply absurd. I will not give the German defini EI T H 153 tion, for that i. based upon th 011ception that ducation should be compulsory, and) therefore beg. th qu stion. l\I rem·er, the German co11ception of a go,·er11me11t's proper spher of action, bei11g altogether wider than the English; matters which might with p rf t consisten y u dealt with hy the German gm· rnme11t, might v\ ith qual consistency be denied to the Engli. h Government. H re is Sttlly's definition, though he does not gh·e it th form of a definition. ' Education s eks by social influ'' nee, g-uida11ce, and control, to ''develop the natural pow rs of th "child so a to render him able and "disposed to lead a healthy, happ r, "and morally worthy life." This d finition is by one of the soundest of educational writers, and, as it does not include more than the advocate of compulsion intend the word " ducation11 to include, it ma · be fairl) adopted. ow what we really mean when we say that education should be compulsory, is not that the children of the State should be compelled to have their mitural powers so d veloped by social . influence guidance, an